Abstract
Mammary gland development is controlled by a dynamic interplay between endocrine hormones and locally produced factors. Biogenic monoamines (serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, and others) are an important class of bioregulatory molecules that have not been shown to participate in mammary development. Here we show that mammary glands stimulated by prolactin (PRL) express genes essential for serotonin biosynthesis (tryptophan hydroxylase [TPH] and aromatic amine decarboxylase). TPH mRNA was elevated during pregnancy and lactation, and serotonin was detected in the mammary epithelium and in milk. TPH was induced by PRL in mammosphere cultures and by milk stasis in nursing dams, suggesting that the gene is controlled by milk filling in the alveoli. Serotonin suppressed beta-casein gene expression and caused shrinkage of mammary alveoli. Conversely, TPH1 gene disruption or antiserotonergic drugs resulted in enhanced secretory features and alveolar dilation. Thus, autocrine-paracrine serotonin signaling is an important regulator of mammary homeostasis and early involution.
Publication types
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Comparative Study
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
MeSH terms
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Animals
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Animals, Newborn
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Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid Decarboxylases / genetics
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Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid Decarboxylases / metabolism
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Autocrine Communication / drug effects
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Autocrine Communication / physiology*
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Caseins / genetics
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Caseins / metabolism
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Cells, Cultured
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Cloning, Molecular
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Dialysis
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Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
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Drug Interactions
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Epithelial Cells / drug effects
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Epithelial Cells / metabolism
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Female
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Fenclonine / pharmacology
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Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
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Histology
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Humans
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Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid / metabolism
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Immunohistochemistry
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In Situ Hybridization
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Lactalbumin / genetics
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Lactalbumin / metabolism
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Mammary Glands, Human / cytology
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Mammary Glands, Human / drug effects
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Mammary Glands, Human / growth & development*
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Methysergide / pharmacology
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Mice
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Mice, Inbred C57BL
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Mice, Knockout
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Milk / metabolism
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Milk Proteins / genetics
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Milk Proteins / metabolism
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Mucins / genetics
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Mucins / metabolism
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Organ Culture Techniques
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Paracrine Communication / drug effects
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Paracrine Communication / physiology*
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Pregnancy
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Prolactin / deficiency
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Prolactin / genetics
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Prolactin / metabolism*
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RNA, Messenger / biosynthesis
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Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Serotonin / physiology*
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Serotonin Antagonists / pharmacology
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Time Factors
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Tryptophan Hydroxylase / genetics
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Tryptophan Hydroxylase / metabolism
Substances
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Caseins
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Milk Proteins
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Mucins
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RNA, Messenger
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Serotonin Antagonists
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whey acidic proteins
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sulfated glycoprotein p50
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Serotonin
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Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid
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Prolactin
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Lactalbumin
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Tryptophan Hydroxylase
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Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid Decarboxylases
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Fenclonine
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Methysergide