Structural bases of coronavirus attachment to host aminopeptidase N and its inhibition by neutralizing antibodies

PLoS Pathog. 2012;8(8):e1002859. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002859. Epub 2012 Aug 2.

Abstract

The coronaviruses (CoVs) are enveloped viruses of animals and humans associated mostly with enteric and respiratory diseases, such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome and 10-20% of all common colds. A subset of CoVs uses the cell surface aminopeptidase N (APN), a membrane-bound metalloprotease, as a cell entry receptor. In these viruses, the envelope spike glycoprotein (S) mediates the attachment of the virus particles to APN and subsequent cell entry, which can be blocked by neutralizing antibodies. Here we describe the crystal structures of the receptor-binding domains (RBDs) of two closely related CoV strains, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine respiratory CoV (PRCV), in complex with their receptor, porcine APN (pAPN), or with a neutralizing antibody. The data provide detailed information on the architecture of the dimeric pAPN ectodomain and its interaction with the CoV S. We show that a protruding receptor-binding edge in the S determines virus-binding specificity for recessed glycan-containing surfaces in the membrane-distal region of the pAPN ectodomain. Comparison of the RBDs of TGEV and PRCV to those of other related CoVs, suggests that the conformation of the S receptor-binding region determines cell entry receptor specificity. Moreover, the receptor-binding edge is a major antigenic determinant in the TGEV envelope S that is targeted by neutralizing antibodies. Our results provide a compelling view on CoV cell entry and immune neutralization, and may aid the design of antivirals or CoV vaccines. APN is also considered a target for cancer therapy and its structure, reported here, could facilitate the development of anti-cancer drugs.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Amino Acid Sequence
  • Animals
  • Antibodies, Neutralizing / chemistry*
  • Antibodies, Neutralizing / immunology
  • Antibodies, Viral / chemistry*
  • Antibodies, Viral / immunology
  • CD13 Antigens / chemistry*
  • CD13 Antigens / immunology
  • Crystallography, X-Ray
  • Humans
  • Molecular Sequence Data
  • Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus / chemistry*
  • Protein Structure, Quaternary
  • Protein Structure, Tertiary
  • Viral Envelope Proteins / chemistry*
  • Viral Envelope Proteins / immunology
  • Virus Attachment*

Substances

  • Antibodies, Neutralizing
  • Antibodies, Viral
  • Viral Envelope Proteins
  • CD13 Antigens

Associated data

  • GENBANK/P10033
  • GENBANK/P15145
  • GENBANK/P15423
  • GENBANK/Q65984
  • PDB/2GTQ
  • PDB/2HPT
  • PDB/2XDT

Grants and funding

The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. This work was supported by grants from the MICINN of Spain to JMC (BFU2008-00971 and BFU2011-23940) and LE (BIO2010-16705). DO was a recipient of fellowships from the Fundación Ferrer and JAE-CSIC. GM is a recipient of a La Caixa fellowship. JR was supported by the Juan de la Cierva program.