An electrophysiological study was carried out in anesthetized rats to characterize the properties of single neurons in trigeminal (V) subnucleus caudalis. Each neuron was functionally classified in terms of its cutaneous mechanoreceptive field properties as low-threshold mechanoreceptive (LTM), wide dynamic range (WDR) or nociceptive-specific (NS), and its responsiveness was also tested to electrical stimulation of hypoglossal (XII) nerve muscle afferents. Some neurons were also tested with noxious stimulation of the tail or forepaw for the presence of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC) of evoked responses. A mechanoreceptive field localized to the ipsilateral orofacial region was a feature of all the neurons which were located in laminae I-VI; the LTM neurons predominated in laminae III/IV whereas the nociceptive (WDR, NS) were located in the superficial and especially deeper laminae of caudalis. The majority of the WDR and NS neurons were also activated by noxious heating as well as by noxious mechanical and electrical stimulation of their orofacial mechanoreceptive field, and in contrast to our previous studies in cats, most of these caudalis nociceptive neurons received C fiber as well as A fiber cutaneous afferent inputs. In contrast to the LTM neurons, but consistent with our previous data in cats, many of the nociceptive neurons also received convergent excitatory inputs from XII muscle afferents, and the stimulus-response functions of the WDR neurons indicated that they were capable of coding the intensity of A and C fiber craniofacial muscle afferent inputs as well as those from cutaneous afferents. The study has also documented for the first time that muscle afferent-evoked responses as well as those evoked by cutaneous afferent inputs to nociceptive neurons are subject to DNIC. These findings indicate that subnucleus caudalis plays an important role in the transmission of superficial and deep nociceptive information from the craniofacial region of the rat, and also reveal that responses of the nociceptive neurons evoked by deep as well as superficial afferent inputs can be powerfully modulated by other nociceptive influences originating from widespread parts of the body.