Abstract
Recent advances in sequencing techniques that measure nascent transcripts and that reveal the positioning of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) have shown that the pausing of Pol II in promoter-proximal regions and its release to initiate a phase of productive elongation are key steps in transcription regulation. Moreover, after the release of Pol II from the promoter-proximal region, elongation rates are highly dynamic throughout the transcription of a gene, and vary on a gene-by-gene basis. Interestingly, Pol II elongation rates affect co-transcriptional processes such as splicing, termination and genome stability. Increasing numbers of factors and regulatory mechanisms have been associated with the steps of transcription elongation by Pol II, revealing that elongation is a highly complex process. Elongation is thus now recognized as a key phase in the regulation of transcription by Pol II.
Publication types
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Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
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Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
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Review
MeSH terms
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Animals
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Antineoplastic Agents / therapeutic use
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Cell Cycle Proteins
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Drosophila Proteins / antagonists & inhibitors
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Drosophila Proteins / genetics*
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Drosophila Proteins / metabolism
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Drosophila melanogaster / genetics
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Drosophila melanogaster / metabolism
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Genome*
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Genomic Instability
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Humans
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Neoplasms / drug therapy
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Neoplasms / genetics*
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Neoplasms / pathology
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Nuclear Proteins / antagonists & inhibitors
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Nuclear Proteins / genetics*
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Nuclear Proteins / metabolism
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Positive Transcriptional Elongation Factor B / antagonists & inhibitors
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Positive Transcriptional Elongation Factor B / genetics*
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Positive Transcriptional Elongation Factor B / metabolism
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Promoter Regions, Genetic
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Protein Binding
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RNA Polymerase II / genetics*
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RNA Polymerase II / metabolism
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Transcription Elongation, Genetic*
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Transcription Factors / antagonists & inhibitors
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Transcription Factors / genetics*
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Transcription Factors / metabolism
Substances
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Antineoplastic Agents
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BRD4 protein, human
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Cell Cycle Proteins
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Drosophila Proteins
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Nuclear Proteins
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Transcription Factors
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Positive Transcriptional Elongation Factor B
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RNA Polymerase II