Highly accessible AU-rich regions in 3' untranslated regions are hotspots for binding of regulatory factors

PLoS Comput Biol. 2017 Apr 14;13(4):e1005460. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005460. eCollection 2017 Apr.

Abstract

Post-transcriptional regulation is regarded as one of the major processes involved in the regulation of gene expression. It is mainly performed by RNA binding proteins and microRNAs, which target RNAs and typically affect their stability. Recent efforts from the scientific community have aimed at understanding post-transcriptional regulation at a global scale by using high-throughput sequencing techniques such as cross-linking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP), which facilitates identification of binding sites of these regulatory factors. However, the diversity in the experimental procedures and bioinformatics analyses has hindered the integration of multiple datasets and thus limited the development of an integrated view of post-transcriptional regulation. In this work, we have performed a comprehensive analysis of 107 CLIP datasets from 49 different RBPs in HEK293 cells to shed light on the complex interactions that govern post-transcriptional regulation. By developing a more stringent CLIP analysis pipeline we have discovered the existence of conserved regulatory AU-rich regions in the 3'UTRs where miRNAs and RBPs that regulate several processes such as polyadenylation or mRNA stability bind. Analogous to promoters, many factors have binding sites overlapping or in close proximity in these hotspots and hence the regulation of the mRNA may depend on their relative concentrations. This hypothesis is supported by RBP knockdown experiments that alter the relative concentration of RBPs in the cell. Upon AGO2 knockdown (KD), transcripts containing "free" target sites show increased expression levels compared to those containing target sites in hotspots, which suggests that target sites within hotspots are less available for miRNAs to bind. Interestingly, these hotspots appear enriched in genes with regulatory functions such as DNA binding and RNA binding. Taken together, our results suggest that hotspots are functional regulatory elements that define an extra layer of regulation of post-transcriptional regulatory networks.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • 3' Untranslated Regions / genetics*
  • Binding Sites / genetics*
  • Computational Biology
  • HEK293 Cells
  • Humans
  • Immunoprecipitation
  • MicroRNAs / genetics*
  • MicroRNAs / metabolism
  • Polyadenylation / genetics
  • RNA-Binding Proteins / genetics*
  • RNA-Binding Proteins / metabolism

Substances

  • 3' Untranslated Regions
  • MicroRNAs
  • RNA-Binding Proteins

Grants and funding

This work was supported by grants from the Carlsberg Foundation (http://www.carlsbergfondet.dk/; grant numbers 013_01_0539 and CF14-0180), the Innovation Fund Denmark (http://innovationsfonden.dk; Center for Computational and Applied Transcriptomics, grant number 10-092320), the Novo Nordisk Foundation (http://novonordiskfonden.dk; Computational analysis of gene regulation in human disease, grant number NNF10SA1016550), and the Simon Fougner Hartmanns Familiefond (grant number Krogh-3-5-2015) to AK. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.