Hereditary Elliptocytosis (HE) is a hemolytic disorder inherited as autosomal-dominant trait and characterized by elliptically shaped erythrocytes. Preliminary studies in France have showed a high proportion of HE patients of black extraction (West Africa and Antilles). In order to confirm this prevalence, we made a systematic search for HE in West Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Togo. The diagnosis of elliptocytosis was established by the observation of a high percentage (greater than 70%) of characteristic regular and symmetric elliptic red cells after fixation in 0.3% glutaraldehyde saline buffer. The diagnosis of HE was confirmed by cytological studies of related members and/or the discovery of a well defined molecular variant of spectrin, the main protein of erythrocyte membrane skeleton. We found: in Abidjan centre 6 HE out of 1,000 subjects representative of main ethnic groups; in Lome Centre 6 cases out of 750 subjects originated from the South or Central areas of Togo; in Cotonou Centre 5 cases out of 1,000 subjects originated from the South area of Benin; in Bobo Dioulasso centre 6 HE out of 700 subjects. From this multicentre studies HE appears roughly 10 times more frequent in West Africa than in Europe or USA where incidence was estimated at between 2.5 and 5 cases per 10,000. Tryptic digestion of spectrin revealed that: 10 patients from different ethnic groups have the most frequent variant found in our laboratory (21 kindreds) and named spectrin alpha I/65. Five cases originated from limited areas in the South of Benin and Togo and related to closed ethnic groups have the variant Sp alpha I/46.