The present study described the normal ultrastructure of the monkey nodose ganglion cells. Furthermore, experimental monkeys were subjected to supranodose vagotomy in order to ascertain if the present cell bodies would undergo degeneration following severance of their central processes. In the normal materials, most of the ganglion cells possessed a single neurite. However, occasional cells bearing more than one process in a sectioned profile were observed. The neurites, ranging between 2-4 microns in diameter, displayed a relatively regular contour. Their cytoplasm contained parallel arrays of microtubules, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and slender mitochondria. The electron density of some of these neurites was abnormally high. Embedded in these darkened neurites were a variable number of swollen mitochondria characterized by disrupted cristae. Axon terminals containing round agranular and a few large dense cored vesicles formed synaptic contacts primarily with the neurites of some of the ganglion cells. Three days after superanodose vagotomy, darkened neurites were more commonly observed but their incidence was comparable to that of the normal ganglion in longer survival animals. Another reactive change was the appearance of axon terminals undergoing various degrees of degeneration. There was no evidence of cell death in the duration studied. It was concluded from this study that the occasional darkened neurites from the normal ganglion cells was probably undergoing 'spontaneous degeneration' which appeared to be accentuated when their central process was severed by supranodose vagotomy. The degeneration of axon terminals associated with some of the ganglion cells following the vagotomy suggested that they were derived from vagal descending fibres which were undergoing anterograde degeneration. The presence of synapses on some of the ganglion cells was also discussed and the possibility considered that the latter may represent 'aberrant' or displaced autonomic neurons.