The coexistence in individual neurons of parvalbumin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was studied in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of the cat using pre- and postembedding immunocytochemical methods. PV(+) cell bodies and processes were found in the perigeniculate nucleus (PGN) and throughout all laminae of the dLGN. PV(+) neurons were relatively small and had circular to fusiform shapes. Electron microscopy revealed PV(+) reaction product within the perikarya, axons, and dendrites of labeled cells. It was associated preferentially with microtubules, postsynaptic densities, and intracellular membranes. PV(+) presynaptic boutons were identified on the basis of their synaptic relations and ultrastructure as retinal terminals (RLP) and as profiles originating from inhibitory interneurons (F1 and F2). Immunopositive somata and dendrites received asymmetric synaptic contacts from labeled RLP and non-identified, non-immunoreactive synaptic boutons. Moreover, PV(+) dendrites were postsynaptic to labeled F profiles. In the PGN all neurons were both PV(+) and GABA-immunoreactive and in the dLGN the vast majority of PV(+) neurons showed GABA-immunoreactivity. It is suggested that the high incidence of PV in GABAergic neurons is related to the particular activation patterns of these neurons and the resulting demand for calcium buffer systems.