The spontaneous discharge rates (SRs) sampled from auditory-nerve fibers in cases of chronic cochlear pathology are often abnormally low [17]. The application of intracellular labeling techniques to noise-exposed ears makes it possible to accurately correlate fiber populations showing SR abnormalities with the cochlear locations from which these responses originate. The correlations reveal that a decrease in the mean rates of spontaneous discharge is typically associated with selective loss of the tallest row of stereocilia from the inner hair cells. In cochlear regions where virtually all of the tall stereocilia are missing from the inner hair cells, the maximum rates of spontaneous discharge are less than 1/3 normal values. We suggest that the loss of tall stereocilia causes the decrease in SR because much of the resting current in the inner hair cell normally flows through the stereocilia membrane. Thus, the loss of that membrane leads to a hyperpolarization of the inner hair cell which, in turn, decreases the spontaneous release of vesicles at the synapse. An interpretation is also suggested for the "compression" of the SR distribution commonly seen among high-frequency neurons in normal animals [9].