By transforming landscapes, human activity creates new types of habitats with altered
environmental characteristics that never existed before. As the process of habitat urbanization …

Converging lines of inquiry from across the social and biological sciences target the adult
sex ratio (ASR; the proportion of males in the adult population) as a fundamental population-…

Urbanized habitats differ from natural ones in several ecological features, including climate,
food availability, strength of predation and competition. Although the effects of urbanization …

In vertebrates, stressors such as starvation or predator attacks stimulate the rapid elevation
of circulating glucocorticoid hormones, triggering physiological and behavioral responses …

Is the cost of reproduction different between males and females? On the one hand, males
typically compete intensely for mates, thus sexual selection theory predicts higher cost of …

In human populations, women consistently outlive men, which suggests profound biological
foundations for sex differences in survival. Quantifying whether such sex differences are …

Group living offers well-known benefits to animals, such as better predator avoidance and
increased foraging success. An important additional, but so far neglected, advantage is that …

Urbanization creates novel environments for wild animals where selection pressures may
differ drastically from those in natural habitats. Adaptation to urban life involves changes in …

Big brains are hypothesized to enhance survival of animals by facilitating flexible cognitive
responses that buffer individuals against environmental stresses. Although this theory …

Lower visibility of female scientists, compared to male scientists, is a potential reason for the
under‐representation of women among senior academic ranks. Visibility in the scientific …