The means by which brains transform sensory information into coherent motor actions is poorly
understood. In flies, a relatively small set of descending interneurons are responsible for …

Carbon dioxide is produced by many organic processes and is a convenient volatile cue for
insects 1 that are searching for blood hosts 2 , flowers 3 , communal nests 4 , fruit 5 and …

Flies execute their remarkable aerial maneuvers using a set of wing steering muscles, which
are activated at specific phases of the stroke cycle [1–3]. The activation phase of these …

One of the biggest problems faced by SMEs in most developing countries is lack of access
to financial services, particularly from formal institutions (both banks and nonbanks). The …

Changes in the composition of gut microbiota are implicated in the pathogenesis of several
neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we investigated whether gut bacteria affect the …

A population of neurons interconnected by synapses constitutes a neural circuit, which
performs specific functions upon activation. It is essential to identify both anatomical and …

Temperature is a critical environmental variable that affects the distribution, survival and
reproduction of most animals. Although temperature receptors have been identified in many …

Carbon dioxide is a volatile and broad signal of many organic processes, and serves as a
convenient cue for insects in search of blood hosts 1 – 6 , flowers 7 , decaying matter 8 – 11 , …

Optogenetics has made a significant impact on neuroscience, allowing activation and inhibition
of neural activity with exquisite spatiotemporal precision in response to light. In this lab …

Drosophila adult and larvae exhibit sophisticated behaviors that are widely used in development,
synaptic transmission, sensory physiology, and learning and memory research. Many …