The question of how genetic variation in a population influences phenotypic variation and
evolution is of major importance in modern biology. Yet much is still unknown about the …

In rapidly adapting asexual populations, including many microbial pathogens and viruses,
numerous mutant lineages often compete for dominance within the population 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 – 5 . …

Background Nuclear localization signals (NLSs) are stretches of residues within a protein that
are important for the regulated nuclear import of the protein. Of the many import pathways …

Intrinsically disordered regions make up a large part of the proteome, but the sequence-to-function
relationship in these regions is poorly understood, in part because the primary amino …

At least 30% of human proteins are thought to contain intrinsically disordered regions, which
lack stable structural conformation. Despite lacking enzymatic functions and having few …

Epistasis can markedly affect evolutionary trajectories. In recent decades, protein-level fitness
landscapes have revealed extensive idiosyncratic epistasis among specific mutations. By …

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has caused
a severe, international shortage of N95 respirators, which are essential to protect health …

Laboratory experimental evolution provides a window into the details of the evolutionary
process. To investigate the consequences of long-term adaptation, we evolved 205 …

INTRODUCTION Whole-genome duplication (WGD) events are pervasive in eukaryotes,
shaping the genomes of simple single-celled organisms, such as yeast, as well as those of …

Intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) are characterized by their lack of stable secondary or
tertiary structure and comprise a large part of the eukaryotic proteome. Although these …