Background Awareness during anesthesia is a serious complication with potential long-term
psychological consequences. Use of the bispectral index (BIS), developed from a …

Background Unintended intraoperative awareness, which occurs when general anesthesia
is not achieved or maintained, affects up to 1% of patients at high risk for this complication. …

Background Brief isoflurane anesthesia induces neuroapoptosis in the developing rodent
brain, but susceptibility of non-human primates to the apoptogenic action of isoflurane has not …

Background Exposure of rhesus macaque fetuses for 24 h or neonates for 9 h to ketamine
anesthesia causes neuroapoptosis in the developing brain. The current study clarifies the …

General anesthetic and sedative drugs are administered to millions of infants, toddlers, and
preschool children each year to facilitate life-saving surgery and other essential surgical or …

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by
progressive death of cortical and spinal motor neurons, for which there is no effective …

Propofol is the most important intravenous general anesthetic in current clinical use. It acts
by potentiating GABA A (γ-aminobutyric acid type A) receptors, but where it binds to this …

Background Persistent postoperative cognitive decline is thought to be a public health
problem, but its severity may have been overestimated because of limitations in statistical …

Neuroactive steroids have some of their most potent actions by augmenting the function of
GABA A receptors. Endogenous steroid actions on GABA A receptors may underlie important …

A strong perception exists that elderly people are at risk for persistent cognitive deterioration
lasting longer than six months following major surgery, particularly heart surgery. …