Mediation analysis seeks to explain the pathway(s) through which an exposure affects an
outcome. Traditional, non-instrumental variable methods for mediation analysis experience a …

Objectives To investigate the role of body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure, and
smoking behaviour in explaining the effect of education on the risk of cardiovascular disease …

Background Higher body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) increase the risk of
cardiovascular disease, but the extent to which this is mediated by blood pressure, diabetes, …

… Alice R Carter Alice R Carter … GWAS: genome-wide association study; n/a: effect allele
frequency not available for RA to allow estimation of r 2 and F-statistic; SNP: single nucleotide …

Mendelian randomisation (MR) studies, which investigate causal effects of exposures on
disease, might be biased by sample selection and misclassification if phenotypes are not …

Background Non-random selection of analytic subsamples could introduce selection bias in
observational studies. We explored the potential presence and impact of selection in studies …

Background: Longitudinal studies are crucial for identifying potential risk factors for infection
with, and consequences of, COVID-19, but relationships can be biased if they are …

Background Low socio-economic position (SEP) is a risk factor for multiple health outcomes,
but its molecular imprints in the body remain unclear. Methods We examined SEP as a …

Importance Individually, higher body mass index (BMI) and alcohol consumption increase
the risk of liver disease. Evidence of a joint association is mixed; however, previous studies …

Aims/hypothesis Type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic CVD share many risk factors. This study
aimed to systematically assess a broad range of continuous traits to separate their direct …