Modern humans arrived in Europe ~45,000 years ago, but little is known about their genetic
composition before the start of farming ~8,500 years ago. Here we analyse genome-wide …

RATIONALE To elucidate the extent to which the major cultural transformations of farming,
pastoralism, and shifts in the distribution of languages in Eurasia were accompanied by …

Morphological traits typical of Neanderthals began to appear in European hominids at least
400,000 years ago 1 and about 150,000 years ago 2 in western Asia. After their initial …

Neanderthals and Denisovans are extinct groups of hominins that separated from each other
more than 390,000 years ago 1 , 2 . Here we present the genome of ‘Denisova 11’, a bone …

Although a rich record of Pleistocene human-associated archaeological assemblages exists,
the scarcity of hominin fossils often impedes the understanding of which hominins …

Denisovans, a sister group of Neandertals, have been described on the basis of a nuclear
genome sequence from a finger phalanx (Denisova 3) found in Denisova Cave in the Altai …

INTRODUCTION The study of hominin history has progressed through both archaeological
and genetic insights. Although DNA sequencing from hominin skeletal remains allows the …

Denisova Cave in southern Siberia is the type locality of the Denisovans, an archaic
hominin group who were related to Neanderthals 1 , 2 , 3 – 4 . The dozen hominin remains …

Genomic analyses of Neanderthals have previously provided insights into their population
history and relationship to modern humans 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, but the social organization of …

We sequenced the genome of a Neandertal from Chagyrskaya Cave in the Altai Mountains,
Russia, to 27-fold genomic coverage. We show that this Neandertal was a female and that …