We show that SARS-CoV-2 spike protein interacts with both cellular heparan sulfate and
angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) through its receptor-binding domain (RBD). Docking …

The rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has
had a large impact on global health, travel, and economy. Therefore, preventative and …

Variable regions 1 and 2 (V1/V2) of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) gp120 envelope
glycoprotein are critical for viral evasion of antibody neutralization, and are themselves …

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a lineage C betacoronavirus
that since its emergence in 2012 has caused outbreaks in human populations with case-…

HKU1 is a human betacoronavirus that causes mild yet prevalent respiratory disease 1 , and
is related to the zoonotic SARS 2 and MERS 3 betacoronaviruses, which have high fatality …

HIV-1 entry into CD4 + target cells is mediated by cleaved envelope glycoprotein (Env)
trimers that have been challenging to characterize structurally. Here, we describe the crystal …

A desirable but as yet unachieved property of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)
vaccine candidate is the ability to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). One …

Recent history is punctuated by the emergence of highly pathogenic coronaviruses such as
SARS- and MERS-CoV into human circulation. Upon infecting host cells, coronaviruses …

Antibodies capable of neutralizing HIV-1 often target variable regions 1 and 2 (V1V2) of the
HIV-1 envelope, but the mechanism of their elicitation has been unclear. Here we define the …

The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer contains the receptor binding sites and membrane
fusion machinery that introduce the viral genome into the host cell. As the only target for …