Somatic gain-of-function mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenases (IDH) 1 and 2 are found in
multiple hematologic and solid tumors, leading to accumulation of the oncometabolite (R)-2-…

Shigella is a pathovar of Escherichia coli comprising four groups, Shigella flexneri, Shigella
sonnei, Shigella dysenteriae, and Shigella boydii, each of them, with the exception of S.…

Shigella is a leading cause of dysentery worldwide, with the majority of infections caused by
two subgroups, S. flexneri and S. sonnei. Although S. flexneri has been highly prevalent in …

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are innate immune cells, which represent 50% to 70%
of the total circulating leukocytes. How PMNs adapt to various microenvironments …

Bacterial and fungal pathogens face various microenvironmental conditions during infection.
In addition to acidosis, nutrient consumption, and hypercapnia, pathogen infections are …

Functional studies of human neutrophils and their transfusion for clinical purposes have
been hampered by their short life span after isolation. Here, we demonstrate that neutrophil …

Bacteria, including those that are pathogenic, have been generally classified according to
their ability to survive and grow in the presence or absence of oxygen: aerobic and anaerobic …

Bacterial cell division requires the formation of a mature divisome complex positioned at the
midcell. The localization of the divisome complex is determined by the correct positioning, …

Background Shigella sp. are enteric pathogens which causes >125 million cases of
shigellosis annually. S. sonnei accounts for about a quarter of those cases and is increasingly …

Pathogenic enterobacteria face various oxygen (O 2 ) levels during intestinal colonization
from the O 2 -deprived lumen to oxygenated tissues. Using Shigella flexneri as a model, we …