INTRODUCTION To date, 559 humans have been flown into space, but long-duration (>300
days) missions are rare (n = 8 total). Long-duration missions that will take humans to Mars …

Research on astronaut health and model organisms have revealed six features of spaceflight
biology that guide our current understanding of fundamental molecular changes that occur …

Recent studies have established that dysregulation of the human immune system and the
reactivation of latent herpesviruses persists for the duration of a 6-month orbital spaceflight. It …

… Authors and affiliatons: Brian E. Crucian, Ph.D., Human Adaptation and Countermeasures
… Crucian BE , Cubbage ML , Sams CF . Altered cytokine production by specific human …

Over the course of a mission to the International Space Station (ISS) crew members are
exposed to a number of stressors that can potentially alter the composition of their microbiomes …

Aspects of immune system dysregulation associated with long-duration spaceflight have yet
to be fully characterized and may represent a clinical risk to crewmembers during deep …

In this study, flow cytometry was used to positively identify the specific lymphocyte subsets
exhibiting space flight-induced alterations in cytokine production. Whole blood samples were …

Latent viral reactivation is a commonly reported manifestation of immune system dysregulation
during spaceflight. As physical fitness and exercise training have been shown to benefit …

Latent herpes virus reactivation has been demonstrated in astronauts during shuttle (10–16
days) and International Space Station (≥180 days) flights. Following reactivation, viruses …

Reactivation of latent herpes viruses was measured in 23 astronauts (18 male and 5 female)
before, during, and after long-duration (up to 180 days) spaceflight onboard the …