Optogenetic tools enable examination of how specific cell types contribute to brain circuit
functions. A long-standing question is whether it is possible to independently activate two …

The ability to silence the activity of genetically specified neurons in a temporally precise
fashion would provide the opportunity to investigate the causal role of specific cell classes in …

Optogenetic inhibition of the electrical activity of neurons enables the causal assessment of
their contributions to brain functions. Red light penetrates deeper into tissue than other …

Technologies for silencing the electrical activity of genetically targeted neurons in the brain
are important for assessing the contribution of specific cell types and pathways toward …

Rational control over the morphology and the functional properties of inorganic nanostructures
has been a long-standing goal in the development of bottom-up device fabrication …

Whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology of neurons is a gold-standard technique for high-fidelity
analysis of the biophysical mechanisms of neural computation and pathology, but it …

N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are glutamate-gated ion channels that are critical
to the regulation of excitatory synaptic function in the CNS. NMDARs govern experience-…

Light–oxygen–voltage sensitive (LOV) flavoproteins are ubiquitous photoreceptors that
mediate responses to environmental cues. Photosensory inputs are transduced into signaling …

Optogenetic tools enable light-mediated control of cellular excitability and signaling in vivo.
By manipulating biological processes, scientists can determine the roles played by these …

It is known that the calcium-dependent transcription factor NFAT initiates transcription in
response to pulsatile loads of calcium signal. However, the relative contributions of calcium …