The evolution of an obligate parasitic lifestyle often leads to the reduction of morphological
and physiological traits, which may be accompanied by loss of genes and functions. Slave-…

… information for each gene with UniProt entries from C. elegans, D. melanogaster and A. …
We used Clustal-omega version 1.2.4 (Goujon et al., 2010) to construct sequence alignments for …

… Claudia Gstöttl and Marah Stoldt should be considered joint first author. … The ants were
maintained in a climate chamber at artificial summer conditions at 23C with 12 hr day/12 hr night …

… Hydrolysis was carried out with 1 – 2N hydrochloric acid for 10 – 15 minutes at 60C. For …
) kindly supported the verification of the identity of the type material of C. fuscatum f. sub- …

Social hymenopteran insects, including wasps, bees, and ants, are amazing insects with a
versatile range of physiological and behavioural plasticity. The life span of ageing among …

… We controlled for light, temperature (25C), humidity and time of the day by performing the
experiments in a climate-controlled environmental chamber between 14.00 and 16.00. Each …

… Here we report on a striking exception in the West African species C. zoserka. Winged ants
… Claudia Gstöttl and Tina Wanke helped locating and excavating colonies of Cardiocondyla. …

… Across the European Alps, high-elevation stations show uniform warming trends of 0.8C
annual mean between 1981 and 2010, and 2.5C mean from April to June, which is 3.5 times …

… , 30 s at 50 C, and 45 s at 72 C, and a final step of 10 min at 72 C. PCR products were …
Claudia Gstöttl and Tina Wanke helped locating and excavating the colonies of Cardiocondyla. …

Questions Long‐term programs monitoring the impact of climate change on alpine vegetation
necessarily involve changing observers. We aim at quantifying observer errors and ask if …