Atherogenesis, the formation of plaques in the wall of blood vessels, starts as a result of lipid
accumulation (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) in the vessel wall. Such accumulation is …

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a very common indication for liver transplantation.
How fat-rich diets promote progression from fatty liver to more damaging inflammatory …

In the present work a bond graph approach to build full-order proportional–integral (PI)
observers is shown. The proposed approach is based on the bond graph method defined for …

There are several antibody therapeutics in preclinical and clinical development, industry-wide,
for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Due to the limited …

Vascular calcification results in stiffening of the aorta and is associated with hypertension
and atherosclerosis. Atherogenesis is a complex, multifactorial, and systemic process; the …

Alzheimer disease ( AD ) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder with high unmet
medical need. Drug development is hampered by limited understanding of the disease and its …

Neointimal hyperplasia is amongst the major causes of failure of bypass grafts. The disease
progression varies from patient to patient due to a range of different factors. In this paper, a …

This paper proposes a method to build reduced order observers for linear time invariant
systems modelled by bond graph. The method is based on the Luenberger’s algebraic method …

… Pichardo-Almarza is with the Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism,
Pfizer Global R&D, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich, CT13 9NJ, UK (email : cesar.pichardo@pfizer…

Current computational and mathematical tools are demonstrating the high value of using
systems modeling approaches (eg Quantitative Systems Pharmacology) to understand the …