Background Blockade of programmed death 1 (PD-1), an inhibitory receptor expressed by T
cells, can overcome immune resistance. We assessed the antitumor activity and safety of …

Background Programmed death 1 (PD-1) protein, a T-cell coinhibitory receptor, and one of
its ligands, PD-L1, play a pivotal role in the ability of tumor cells to evade the host's immune …

The immune system recognizes and is poised to eliminate cancer but is held in check by
inhibitory receptors and ligands. These immune checkpoint pathways, which normally maintain …

Purpose Programmed death-1 (PD-1), an inhibitory receptor expressed on activated T cells,
may suppress antitumor immunity. This phase I study sought to determine the safety and …

The availability of human genome sequence has transformed biomedical research over the
past decade. However, an equivalent map for the human proteome with direct …

About 20% of all human cancers are caused by chronic infection or chronic inflammatory
states. Recently, a new hypothesis has been proposed for prostate carcinogenesis. It proposes …

Inhibitory receptors on immune cells are pivotal regulators of immune escape in cancer.
Among these inhibitory receptors, CTLA-4 (targeted clinically by ipilimumab) serves as a …

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) limit autoimmunity but also attenuate the magnitude of antipathogen
and antitumor immunity. Understanding the mechanism of Treg function and therapeutic …

Genetic alterations and epigenetic dysregulation in cancer cells create a vast array of neoepitopes
potentially recognizable by the immune system. Immune checkpoint blockade has the …

Background Ipilimumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody that binds cytotoxic T-lymphocyte
antigen 4 to enhance antitumour immunity. Our aim was to assess the use of ipilimumab …