There is emerging evidence that people with successfully treated HIV infection age prematurely,
leading to progressive multi-organ disease 1 , but the reasons for this are not known. …

Background We describe drug-induced liver injury (DILI) secondary to antituberculous treatment
(ATT) in a large tuberculosis (TB) centre in London; we identify the proportion who had …

Macrophage activation in response to stimulation of Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) provides a
paradigm for investigating energy metabolism that regulates the inflammatory response. TLR4…

Background Chronic liver disease is a major cause of premature death in sub-Saharan Africa.
Efficacy of antiviral therapy among patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related cirrhosis is …

Cell membrane fusion and multinucleation in macrophages are associated with physiologic
homeostasis as well as disease. Osteoclasts are multinucleated macrophages that resorb …

Despite the exceptional infectivity of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) in vivo, where only three viral
genomes can result in a chronicity of experimentally infected chimpanzees, most in vitro …

Background and Purpose Cardiac glycosides inhibit Na + /K + ‐ATPase and are used to treat
heart failure and arrhythmias. They can induce inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in …

Cardiac glycosides (CGs) inhibit the Na + ,K + -ATPase and are widely prescribed medicines
for chronic heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias. Recently, CGs have been described to …

In January, 2014, a 25-year-old woman with no medical history of note presented with a 3-day
history of abdominal pain associated with vomiting. On examination she was dehydrated, …

Abdominal paracentesis is a vital procedure that is used to treat the clinical complications of
ascites and establish the underlying aetiology. POCUS minimizes complications associated …