The gut microbiota of preterm infants develops predictably 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 – 7 , with pioneer
species colonizing the gut after birth, followed by an ordered succession of microorganisms…

Humans and many other hosts establish a diverse community of beneficial microbes anew
each generation. The order and identity of incoming symbionts is critical for health, but what …

The human gut microbiota resides within a diverse chemical environment challenging our
ability to understand the forces shaping this ecosystem. Here, we reveal that fitness of the …

Pathogens deliver complex arsenals of translocated effector proteins to host cells during
infection, but the extent to which these proteins are regulated once inside the eukaryotic cell …

The bacterial H-NS protein silences expression from sequences with higher AT-content than
the host genome and is believed to buffer the fitness consequences associated with foreign …

FOXO transcription factors have a critical role in oxidative stress‐induced neuronal cell death.
A variety of post‐translational modifications of FOXO family proteins have been reported, …

Bacterial small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) are the most abundant class of post-transcriptional
regulators and have been well studied in Gram-negative bacteria. Little is known about the …

CRISPR–Cas is a bacterial and archaeal adaptive immune system that uses short, invader-derived
sequences termed spacers to target invasive nucleic acids. Upon recognition of …

Background Mucosal-associated Escherichia coli are commonly found in inflamed tissues
during inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). These bacteria often possess an adherent and …

Over 20 years ago, two groups independently domesticated Legionella pneumophila from a
clinical isolate of bacteria collected during the first recognized outbreak of Legionnaires’ …