Data will be reviewed using the acoustic startle reflex in rats and humans based on our
attempts to operationally define fear vs anxiety. Although the symptoms of fear and anxiety are …

• Schizophrenic patients exhibit impairments in both sensorimotor gating and habituation in
a number of paradigms. Through human and animal model research, these fundamental …

We examined the neural substrates involved when subjects encountered an event linked
verbally, but not experientially, to an aversive outcome. This instructed fear task models a …

Fear conditioning represents the process by which a neutral stimulus comes to evoke fear
following its repeated pairing with an aversive stimulus. Although fear conditioning has long …

Objective: To provide an overview of startle reflex methodologies applied to the examination
of emotional and motivational states in humans and to review the findings in different forms …

Objective Classical conditioning features prominently in many etiological accounts of panic
disorder. According to such accounts, neutral conditioned stimuli present during panic …

The aim of this article is to review studies on human anxiety using the startle reflex
methodology and to apply the literature on context conditioning in rats to interpret the results. A …

Anxiety disorders constitute a sizeable worldwide health burden with profound social and
economic consequences. The symptoms are wide-ranging; from hyperarousal to difficulties …

The effects of fear/anticipatory anxiety on the acoustic startle reflex were investigated in
humans using a paradigm involving anticipation of electric shocks. The eyeblink component of …

Background. In the conditioned fear paradigm, repeated pairing of an aversive unconditioned
stimulus (US) (eg electric shock) with a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) (eg bright light) …