Highlights • Co-release and co-transmission are distinct, separate modes of release. • There
are multiple classes of dual-transmitter neurons. • The consequence of co-release extends …

Innate defensive behaviors, such as freezing, are adaptive for avoiding predation. Freezing-related
midbrain regions project to the cerebellum, which is known to regulate rapid …

Mature dentate granule cells in the hippocampus receive input from the entorhinal cortex via
the perforant path in precisely arranged lamina, with medial entorhinal axons innervating …

In the olfactory bulb, lateral inhibition mediated by local juxtaglomerular interneurons has
been proposed as a gain control mechanism, important for decorrelating odorant responses. …

Key points The functional synaptic connectivity between olfactory receptor neurons and
principal cells within the olfactory bulb is not well understood. One view suggests that mitral cells…

Whisker stimulation in awake mice evokes transient suppression of simple spike probability
in crus I/II Purkinje cells. Here, we investigated how simple spike suppression arises …

Key points The release probability of the odorant receptor neuron (ORN) is reportedly one of
the highest in the brain and is predicted to impose a transient temporal filter on postsynaptic …

Glutamate acts as the universal agonist at ionotropic glutamate receptors in part because of
its high degree of conformational flexibility. Other amino acids and small peptides, however, …

Songbirds learn to produce vocalizations early in life by listening to, then copying the songs
of conspecific males. The anterior forebrain pathway, homologous to a basal ganglia‐…

In the olfactory bulb, lateral inhibition mediated by local juxtaglomerular 36 interneurons
has been proposed as a gain control mechanism, important for de-37 correlating odorant …