Type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) are multiprotein complexes that transport effector proteins
and protein–DNA complexes through bacterial membranes to the extracellular milieu or …

Bacteria use extracellular levels of small diffusible autoinducers to estimate local cell‐density
(quorum‐sensing) and to regulate complex physiological processes. The quorum‐sensing …

The PilZ protein was originally identified as necessary for type IV pilus (T4P) biogenesis. Since
then, a large and diverse family of bacterial PilZ homology domains have been identified, …

Novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOC)
are constantly threatening global public health. With no end date, the pandemic …

Bacteria of the Xanthomonas genus are mainly phytopathogens of a large variety of crops of
economic importance worldwide. Xanthomonas spp. rely on an arsenal of protein effectors, …

Bacterial type IV pili (T4P) are long, flexible surface filaments that consist of helical polymers
of mostly pilin subunits. Cycles of polymerization, attachment, and depolymerization …

Signal transduction pathways mediated by cyclic-bis(3′→5′)-dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP)
control many important and complex behaviors in bacteria. C-di-GMP is synthesized through …

Type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) are nanomachines used by bacteria to inject toxic
effectors into competitors. The identity and mechanism of many effectors remain unknown. We …

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has already killed more than one million people worldwide. To
gain entry, the virus uses its Spike protein to bind to host hACE-2 receptors on the host cell …

Highlights • The role that type IV pili play in Xanthomonas pathogenesis varies from species
to species. • Xanthomonas T4P are regulated via unique molecular mechanisms that differ …