This paper resulted from a conference entitled “Lactation and Milk: Defining and refining the
critical questions” held at the University of Colorado School of Medicine from January 18–20…

To understand the biology and evolution of ruminants, the cattle genome was sequenced to
about sevenfold coverage. The cattle genome contains a minimum of 22,000 genes, with a …

The biological process of fat globule assembly and secretion produces highly complex globule
compositions and structures with many properties now recognized to be the direct result …

Background Individuals with inactive alleles of the fucosyltransferase 2 gene (FUT2; termed
the ‘secretor’ gene) are common in many populations. Some members of the genus …

TLRs provide critical signals to induce innate immune responses in APCs such as dendritic
cells (DCs) that in turn link to adaptive immune responses. Results from our previous studies …

A causal relationship between the pathophysiological changes in the gut epithelium and
altered gut microbiota with the onset of obesity have been suggested but not defined. The aim …

Background The newly assembled Bos taurus genome sequence enables the linkage of
bovine milk and lactation data with other mammalian genomes. Results Using publicly …

Aware of the important benefits of human milk, most US women initiate breastfeeding but
difficulties with milk supply lead some to quit earlier than intended. Yet, the contribution of …

Background: Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) shape the intestinal microbiota in term
infants. In premature infants, alterations in the intestinal microbiota (dysbiosis) are associated …

Over half of all children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have gastrointestinal (GI) co-morbidities
including chronic constipation, diarrhea, and irritable bowel syndrome. The …