Fracture healing is a specialized post‐natal repair process that recapitulates aspects of
embryological skeletal development. While many of the molecular mechanisms that control …

Interleukin (IL)‐1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) represent proinflammatory cytokines that
stimulate a number of events which occur during periodontal disease. These include the …

Fracture healing and distraction osteogenesis have important applications in orthopedic,
maxillofacial, and periodontal treatment. In this review, the cellular and molecular mechanisms …

Periodontal disease is the most frequent cause of tooth loss in humans and is the most
prevalent disease associated with bone loss, including osteoporosis. Periodontal destruction is …

Monocytes play a critical role in defending the host against foreign organisms and in regulating
the behavior of other cells. Monocytes circulate as nonadherent cells in the blood and …

TNF‐α is a major inflammatory factor that is induced in response to injury, and it contributes
to the normal regulatory processes of bone resorption. The role of TNF‐α during fracture …

Type 1 diabetes in humans has as one of its complications inadequate bone formation,
resulting in osteopenia and delayed fracture healing. To investigate the mechanisms by which …

Even though animal models have limitations, they are often superior to in vitro or clinical
studies in addressing mechanistic questions and serve as an essential link between …

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that increases fracture risk, interferes with bone
formation, and impairs fracture healing. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes …

… Roy, and DT Graves, “FOXO1 plays an important role in enhanced microvascular cell apoptosis
and microvascular cell loss in type 1 and type 2 diabetic rats,” Diabetes, vol. 58, no. 4, pp…