Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) is the potent disease agent in botulism, a potential
biological weapon and an effective therapeutic drug for involuntary muscle disorders. The …

Infection of the colon with the Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium difficile is potentially life
threatening, especially in elderly people and in patients who have dysbiosis of the gut …

Lethal factor (LF) is a protein (relative molecular mass 90,000) that is critical in the pathogenesis
of anthrax 1 , 2 , 3 . It is a highly specific protease that cleaves members of the mitogen-…

The clostridial neurotoxins (CNTs), comprised of tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) and the seven
serotypes of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT AG), specifically bind to neuronal cells and disrupt …

Clostridium difficile is a bacterial pathogen that is the leading cause of nosocomial antibiotic-associated
diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis worldwide. The incidence, severity, …

The protective antigen component of anthrax toxin forms a homoheptameric pore in the
endosomal membrane, creating a narrow passageway for the enzymatic components of the toxin …

After binding to cellular receptors and proteolytic activation, the protective antigen
component of anthrax toxin forms a heptameric prepore. The prepore later undergoes pH-dependent …

Clostridioides difficile is a Gram-positive anaerobe that can cause a spectrum of disorders
that range in severity from mild diarrhoea to fulminant colitis and/or death. The bacterium …

Clostridium difficile is a toxin-producing bacterium that is a frequent cause of hospital-acquired
and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. The incidence, severity, and costs associated with C. …

Stem cells of the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, liver and other columnar epithelia collectively
resist cloning in their elemental states. Here we demonstrate the cloning and propagation …