Temperament describes the idea that individual behavioural differences are repeatable
over time and across situations. This common phenomenon covers numerous traits, such as …

Several comparative research programs have focused on the cognitive, life history and
ecological traits that account for variation in brain size. We review one of these programs, a …

… For consistency with the literature, we separate stochasticity into two forms – demographic
(σ d ) and environmental (σ e ). To allow for environmental feedback with population dynamics…

Pathways describe the processes that result in the introduction of alien species from one
location to another. A framework is proposed to facilitate the comparative analysis of invasion …

The widely held hypothesis that enlarged brains have evolved as an adaptation to cope with
novel or altered environmental conditions lacks firm empirical support. Here, we test this …

Behavioural flexibility has long been thought to provide advantages for animals when they
invade novel environments. This hypothesis has recently received empirical support in a …

While human-induced rapid environmental changes are putting many organisms at risk of
extinction, others are doing better than ever. This raises the question of why organisms differ …

… (c and d) Number of species classified as urban avoiders or exploiters in each study region
according to community simulations (see main text for details) for the breeding (c) and non-…

… are being developed for the measurement of temperament traits (D. Réale, SM Reader, …
We are grateful to D. Kramer for contributions and suggestions at every stage. We thank A. …

… 2005b) as well as in their native ranges (Sol et al. 2007), attributable to their enhanced …
Support for the importance of brain size in evolution is scarce and limited to birds (Sol et al. 2005a…