Background Trypanosoma brucei is the causative agent of human African sleeping sickness
and Nagana in cattle. In addition to being an important pathogen T. brucei has developed …

Encephalitis is a frequently diagnosed condition in cattle with neurological diseases. Many
affected animals present with a nonsuppurative inflammatory reaction pattern in the brain. …

Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration are responses to arterial
injury that are highly important to the processes of restenosis and atherosclerosis. In the …

Bacterial symbionts are crucial for the infectivity and success of entomopathogenic nematodes
as biological control agents. The current understanding of the symbiotic relationships is …

Axl is a receptor tyrosine kinase originally identified as a transforming gene product in human
myeloid leukemia cells. Cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells also express Axl, where …

Type III interferon (interferon lambda [IFN-λ]) is known to be a potential immune modulator,
but the mechanisms behind its immune-modulatory functions and its impact on plasmablast …

The surrounding capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae has been identified as a major
virulence factor and is targeted by pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV). However, …

We report the identification of a neurotropic astrovirus associated with encephalitis in a
sheep. This virus is genetically almost identical to an astrovirus recently described in …

Whole genome sequencing (WGS) has become the new gold standard for bacterial outbreak
investigation, due to the high resolution available for typing. While sequencing is currently …

Introduction Water supply and air-conditioner cooling towers (ACCT) are potential sources
of Legionella pneumophila infection in people. During outbreaks, traditional typing methods …