Sleep and sleep-like states are present across the animal kingdom, with recent studies
convincingly demonstrating sleep-like states in arthropods, nematodes, and even cnidarians. …

Prey seldom rely on a single type of antipredator defence, often using multiple defences to
avoid predation. In many cases, selection in different contexts may favour the evolution of …

The body of most creatures is composed of interconnected joints. During motion, the spatial
location of these joints changes, but they must maintain their distances to one another, …

Background Many intriguing questions about predator-prey interactions can be addressed
by using clay models of prey animals. These are placed in the field to test predators’ …

TTX varies greatly between and within species, and even within individuals over time (both
season and year). Puffer fishes and newts are among the best studied animals. Several …

Visually detecting, recognizing and responding appropriately to predators increases survival.
Failure to detect a predator or long decision time carries high and potentially fatal costs. …

Biodiversity loss is extreme in amphibians. Despite ongoing conservation action, it is difficult
to determine where we stand in overcoming their extinction crisis. Among the most …

Many animals have evolved remarkable strategies to avoid predation. In diurnal, toxic harlequin
toads (Atelopus) from the Amazon basin, we find a unique colour signal. Some Atelopus …

Background For diurnal animals that heavily rely on vision, a nocturnal resting strategy that
offers protection when vision is compromised, is crucial. We found a population of a common …

Clay model studies are a popular tool to identify predator–prey interactions that are
challenging to observe directly in the field. But despite its wide use, the method's applicability is …