The ventral tegmental area (VTA) has dopamine, GABA, and glutamate neurons, which have
been implicated in reward and aversion. Here, we determined whether VTA-glutamate or -…

Ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons play roles in reward and aversion. We recently
discovered that the VTA has neurons that co-transmit glutamate and GABA (glutamate-GABA co-…

The combined development of new technologies for neuronal recordings and the development
of novel sensors for recording both cellular activity and neurotransmitter binding has …

Ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons play roles in reward and aversion. The VTA has, in
addition to dopamine neurons, glutamatergic neurons expressing VGluT2. Here, by …

Social hierarchies exert a powerful influence on behavior, but the neurobiological mechanisms
that detect and regulate hierarchical interactions are not well understood, especially at …

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) has been proposed to play a role in pain, but the brain
structures modulating VTA activity in response to nociceptive stimuli remain unclear. Here, we …

Effort valuation—a process for selecting actions based on the anticipated value of rewarding
outcomes and expectations about the work required to obtain them—plays a fundamental …

Rationale The role of negative affect as a motivational factor in animal models of drug
addiction has been underexplored in the context of cocaine self-administration. Objectives The …

The combined development of new technologies for neuronal recordings and the development
of novel sensors for recording both cellular activity and neurotransmitter binding has …

Resumption of drug taking is a primary focus for substance use disorder research and can
be triggered by drug-associated environmental stimuli. The Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) is a …