Theories of predictive processing propose that prediction error responses are modulated by
the certainty of the predictive model or precision. While there is some evidence for this …

Auditory prediction error responses elicited by surprising sounds can be reliably recorded
with musical stimuli that are more complex and realistic than those typically employed in EEG …

The signed value and unsigned salience of reward prediction errors (RPEs) are critical to
understanding reinforcement learning (RL) and cognitive control. Dorsomedial prefrontal …

Learning of complex auditory sequences such as music can be thought of as optimizing an
internal model of regularities through unpredicted events (or “prediction errors”). We used …

When listening to music, pitch deviations are more salient and elicit stronger prediction error
responses when the melodic context is predictable and when the listener is a musician. Yet, …

Imagine a song you know by heart. With little effort you could sing it or play it vividly in your
mind. However, we are only beginning to understand how the brain represents, holds, and …

Gold et al.(1) report a reinforcement-learning experiment where reward prediction errors (RPEs)
were elicited by the consonance or dissonance of musical stimuli. They link these RPEs …

Learning of complex auditory sequences such as language and music can be thought of as
the continuous optimisation of internal predictive representations of sound-pattern …

Neural responses to auditory surprise are typically studied with highly unexpected, disruptive
sounds. Consequently, little is known about auditory prediction in everyday contexts that …

In typical listeners, the perceptual salience of a surprising auditory event depends on the
uncertainty of its context. For example, in melodies, pitch deviants are more easily detected and …