Differentiation of T H 1 and T H 2 effector cells proceeds through several phases: First, naïve
CD4 + precursor cells are instructed to differentiate as appropriate to optimally fight the …

Adaptation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) pathway for MHC class I (MHC-I) presentation
in dendritic cells enables cross-presentation of peptides derived from phagocytosed …

Foxp3 + regulatory T cells (T reg cells) are crucial for the maintenance of immune homeostasis
both in lymphoid tissues and in non-lymphoid tissues. Here we demonstrate that the …

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-4 induce T helper 1 (T H 1)- and T H 2-cell differentiation,
respectively, in vitro. However, not all T H 1-cell responses require IL-12 in vivo, and T H 2-cell …

Immune responses in tissues are constrained by the physiological properties of the tissue
involved. Tissue-resident memory T cells (T RM cells) are a recently discovered lineage of T …

Tissue-resident memory T cells (T RM cells) in the airways mediate protection against
respiratory infection. We characterized T RM cells expressing integrin α E (CD103) that reside …

Antigen-presenting cells (APC) tailor immune responses to microbial encounters by stimulating
differentiation of CD4 T cells into the Th1 and Th2 lineages. We demonstrate that APC …

El2 and E47 are two helix-loop-helix transcription factors that arise by alternative splicing of
the E2A gene. Both have been implicated in the regulation of immunoglobulin gene …

Differentiation of naïve T cells into effector cells is required for optimal protection against
different classes of microbial pathogen and for the development of immune memory. Recent …

CD4 + T helper cells differentiate into T helper 1 (Th1) or Th2 effector lineages, which
orchestrate immunity to different types of microbes. Both Th1 and Th2 differentiation can be …