1. The effects of different forms of brain stimulation on the discharge pattern of single motor
units were examined using the post‐stimulus time histogram (PSTH) technique and by …

Botulinum toxin (BT) has been perceived as a lethal threat for many centuries. In the early
1980s, this perception completely changed when BT’s therapeutic potential suddenly became …

Positive effects on mood have been observed in subjects who underwent treatment of
glabellar frown lines with botulinum toxin and, in an open case series, depression remitted or …

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) can be injected to achieve therapeutic benefit across a large
range of clinical conditions. To assess the efficacy and safety of BoNT injections for the …

Background In several pilot studies, transcranial brain sonography findings of substantia
nigra and lenticular nucleus discriminated between idiopathic Parkinson disease (PD) and …

History The therapeutic use of BT was prepared during the late 1960s by Alan B. Scott from
the Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA [67]. Searching for a …

Transketolase proteins or transketolase enzyme activities have been related to
neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and cancer. Transketolase enzyme variants and reduced …

Therapeutic preparations of botulinum toxin (BT) consist of botulinum neurotoxin (BNT),
complexing proteins and excipients. Depending on the target tissue BT can block the cholinergic …

Therapy with botulinum toxin (BT) can fail due to numerous reasons, including failure due to
formation of antibodies against BT (BT‐AB, AB‐TF). AB‐TF is a secondary therapy failure, ie …

Recently, botulinum toxin type B (BT-B) has become available to treat muscle hyperactivity
in cervical dystonia (CD). When we started the clinical use of BT-B, we noticed a side effect …