Invading pathogens are controlled by the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system.
Adaptive immunity, which is mediated by B and T lymphocytes, recognises pathogens by …

Prostaglandins have a central role in many endocrine functions in mammals, including
regulation of the life span of the corpus luteum by prostaglandin F 2α (PGF) and prostaglandin E …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors that are an important
link between innate and adaptive immunity. Many vaccines incorporate ligands for TLRs as …

Toll‐like receptors (TLR) have been described as partially sharing signalling pathways but
showing unique ligand specificity and tissue distribution. Here, the response of bovine …

Caveolae are small, cholesterol-rich, hydrophobic membrane domains, characterized by
the presence of the protein caveolin and involved in several cellular processes, including …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is considered to be the most common cause of vomiting
and diarrhoea in dogs, and the German shepherd dog (GSD) is particularly susceptible. The …

The uptake of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antigen by cattle dendritic cells was investigated.
Pathways of antigen uptake were monitored by flow cytometry using specific tracers and …

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are cell‐surface signalling molecules that recognize a range of
highly conserved pathogen molecules and instigate the appropriate immune response. Here, …

Prolonged infusions of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are known to model gram-negative
bacterial infections, but the basic mechanisms of the LPS effects on feed intake and …

Eimeria infection impacts upon chicken welfare and economic productivity of the poultry
sector. Live coccidiosis vaccines for chickens have been available for almost 70 years, but the …