Weeds are currently present in a wide range of ecosystems worldwide. Although the
beginning of their evolution is largely unknown, researchers assumed that they developed in …

Another pivotal step is breakdown in Tolllike receptor discrimination between microbial and
self–nucleic acids, which occurs not only in B cells but also in collaborating dendritic cells of …

The seventh century BCE was a period of economic prosperity, for which several lines of
evidence for trade and settlement expansion have been found along the coastal plain, in the …

The chance discovery of an Early Roman city dump (1st century CE) in Jerusalem has yielded
for the first time ever quantitative data on garbage components that introduce us to the …

The origin of agriculture is one of the defining events of human history. Some 11-10,000 years
ago bands of hunter-gatherers started to abandon their high-mobility lifestyles in favour of …

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum monococcum L. and Triticum turgidum L.)
were among the principal ‘founder crops’ of southwest Asian agriculture 1 . Two issues that …

The beginning of agriculture is one of the most important developments in human history, with
enormous consequences that paved the way for settled life and complex society. Much of …

We elucidate grapevine evolution and domestication histories with 3525 cultivated and wild
accessions worldwide. In the Pleistocene, harsh climate drove the separation of wild grape …

This article reviews the available information on the founder grain crops (einkorn wheat,
emmer wheat, barley, lentil, pea, chickpea, and flax) that started agriculture in Southwest Asia …

The cereal grass barley was domesticated about 10,000 years before the present in the
Fertile Crescent and became a founder crop of Neolithic agriculture 1 . Here we report the …