Background Understanding how environmental conditions, especially wind, influence birds'
flight speeds is a prerequisite for understanding many important aspects of bird flight, …

The effects of human activity on bird behaviour and distribution have been studied extensively
in recent years, but variation in their response to disturbance is still poorly understood. …

An earlier onset of spring has been recorded for many parts of Eurasia in recent decades. This
has consequences for migratory species, both in changing the conditions encountered by …

Recent studies have suggested that protected areas often fail to conserve target species.
However, the efficacy of terrestrial protected areas is difficult to measure, especially for highly …

A particular aim of avian ecologists, especially those studying waterfowl Anatidae, in the
20th and early 21st centuries has been to elucidate how organisms use habitats and intrinsic …

Post mortem data from 366 dead swans recovered from the wild between 1951 and 1989
were examined. The main causes of death were flying accidents (accounting for 22% of adult …

Aim Animal movement is an important determinant of individual survival, population dynamics
and ecosystem structure and function. Nonetheless, it is still unclear how local movements …

Range shifts and phenological change are two processes by which organisms respond to
environmental warming. Understanding the mechanisms that drive these changes is key for …

… Population size was estimated at 500–1,000 in the late 20th century so, although
Syroechkovski (2002) considered this to be an underestimate because of the difficulty in …

Communities are assembled from species that evolve or colonise a given geographic region,
and persist in the face of abiotic conditions and interactions with other species. The …