One of the aims of modern microscopy is to quantify two-, three-, or even four-dimensional
phenomena in biology, medicine, and material sciences. The requirements imposed on …

1. Introduction 3082. Electron microscopy 3112.1 Specimen preparation 3112.2 The
electron microscope 3112.3 Acceleration voltage, defocus, and the electron gun 3122.4 …

The cross-β amyloid form of peptides and proteins represents an archetypal and widely
accessible structure consisting of ordered arrays of β-sheet filaments. These complex …

The bacterial toxin pneumolysin is released as a soluble monomer that kills target cells by
assembling into large oligomeric rings and forming pores in cholesterol-containing …

Natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes accomplish the critically important function of
killing virus-infected and neoplastic cells. They do this by releasing the pore-forming protein …

An Alu element preceding the myeloperoxidase gene (MPO) contains four hexamer motifs
related to the consensus recognition sequence for nuclear hormone receptors (AGGTCA), …

Type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) are important virulence factors used by Gram-negative
bacterial pathogens to inject effectors into host cells or to spread plasmids harboring antibiotic …

Bacterial type IV secretion systems translocate virulence factors into eukaryotic cells 1 , 2 ,
distribute genetic material between bacteria and have shown potential as a tool for the genetic …

Tailed bacteriophages and herpesviruses load their capsids with DNA through a tunnel
formed by the portal protein assembly. Here we describe the X‐ray structure of the …

Bacterial conjugation is the fundamental process of unidirectional transfer of DNAs, often
plasmid DNAs, from a donor cell to a recipient cell 1 . It is the primary means by which antibiotic …