Plastids, the defining organelles of plant cells, undergo physiological and morphological
changes to fulfill distinct biological functions. In particular, the differentiation of chloroplasts into …

Plants can be engineered to sustainably produce compounds of nutritional, industrial or
pharmaceutical relevance. This is, however, a challenging task as extensive regulation of …

Organisms have different circuitries that allow converting signal molecule levels to changes
in gene expression. An important challenge in synthetic biology involves the de novo design …

Small RNAs (sRNAs) can operate as regulatory agents to control protein expression by
interaction with the 5′ untranslated region of the mRNA. We have developed a physicochemical …

Plant virus‐based expression systems allow quick and efficient production of recombinant
proteins in plant biofactories. Among them, a system derived from tobacco etch virus (TEV; …

Synthetic gene circuits allow the behavior of living cells to be reprogrammed, and non-coding
small RNAs (sRNAs) are increasingly being used as programmable regulators of gene …

Due to autotrophic growing capacity and extremely rich secondary metabolism, plants should
be preferred targets of synthetic biology. However, developments in plants usually run …

Antirrhinum majus Rosea1 (Ros1) is an MYB-related transcription factor that induces anthocyanin
biosynthesis in plant tissues, and has been shown to be suitable for visual tracking of …

Potyviruses express most of their proteins from a long open reading frame that is translated
into a large polyprotein processed by three viral proteases. To understand the constraints on …

The order in which genes are organized within a genome is generally not conserved between
distantly related species. However, within virus orders and families, strong conservation of …