The breadth of genomic diversity found among organisms in nature allows populations to
adapt to diverse environments 1 , 2 . However, genomic diversity is difficult to generate in the …

We describe the construction and characterization of a genomically recoded organism (GRO).
We replaced all known UAG stop codons in Escherichia coli MG1655 with synonymous …

Recent studies have demonstrated the important enzymatic, structural and regulatory roles
of RNA in the cell. Here we present a post-transcriptional regulation system in Escherichia …

A more complete understanding of the causes and effects of cell-cell variability in gene
expression is needed to elucidate whether the resulting phenotypes are disadvantageous or …

We present genome engineering technologies that are capable of fundamentally reengineering
genomes from the nucleotide to the megabase scale. We used multiplex automated …

The deduction of phenotypic cellular responses from the structure and behavior of complex
gene regulatory networks is one of the defining challenges of systems biology. This goal will …

RNA molecules transmit the information encoded in the genome and generally reflect its
content. Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing by ADAR proteins converts a genomically …

RNA molecules play important and diverse regulatory roles in the cell by virtue of their
interaction with other nucleic acids, proteins and small molecules. Inspired by this natural …

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are increasingly used in research and industrial
systems to produce high-value pharmaceuticals, fuels and chemicals 1 . Genetic isolation and …

Genetic regulatory proteins inducible by small molecules are useful synthetic biology tools
as sensors and switches. Bacterial allosteric transcription factors (aTFs) are a major class of …