Background An improvement in overall survival among patients with metastatic melanoma
has been an elusive goal. In this phase 3 study, ipilimumab — which blocks cytotoxic T-…

Background Blockade of programmed death 1 (PD-1), an inhibitory receptor expressed by T
cells, can overcome immune resistance. We assessed the antitumor activity and safety of …

Background Nivolumab (a programmed death 1 [PD-1] checkpoint inhibitor) and ipilimumab
(a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 [CTLA-4] checkpoint inhibitor) have been …

The development of human cancer is a multistep process characterized by the accumulation
of genetic and epigenetic alterations that drive or reflect tumour progression. These …

Background Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) and programmed death 1 (PD-1) are
distinct inhibitory immune checkpoints that contribute to T-cell exhaustion. The combination of …

Background The programmed death 1 (PD-1) receptor is a negative regulator of T-cell
effector mechanisms that limits immune responses against cancer. We tested the anti–PD-1 …

Background Nivolumab combined with ipilimumab resulted in longer progression-free survival
and a higher objective response rate than ipilimumab alone in a phase 3 trial involving …

Purpose: Immunotherapeutic agents produce antitumor effects by inducing cancer-specific
immune responses or by modifying native immune processes. Resulting clinical response …

Background Nivolumab plus ipilimumab or nivolumab alone resulted in longer progression-free
and overall survival than ipilimumab alone in a trial involving patients with advanced …

Background In a phase 1 dose-escalation study, combined inhibition of T-cell checkpoint
pathways by nivolumab and ipilimumab was associated with a high rate of objective response, …