ESC Guidelines 2389 disclosure forms are kept on file at the European Heart House,
headquarters of the ESC. Any changes in conflict of interest that arise during the writing period …

The present document has been conceived as the European update to the American
College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA)/ESC 2006 Guidelines for …

Natriuretic peptide (NP) levels (B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N‐terminal proBNP) are
now widely used in clinical practice and cardiovascular research throughout the world and …

Background Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors reduce the risk of hospitalization for
heart failure in patients with heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction, but their effects in …

Background and Methods Aldosterone is important in the pathophysiology of heart failure.
In a double-blind study, we enrolled 1663 patients who had severe heart failure and a left …

The task of developing ESC Guidelines covers not only the integration of the most recent
research, but also the creation of educational tools and implementation programmes for the …

Background Aldosterone blockade reduces mortality and morbidity among patients with
severe heart failure. We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the …

Background Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce the risk of hospitalization
for heart failure in patients regardless of the presence or absence of diabetes. More …

Background Mineralocorticoid antagonists improve survival among patients with chronic,
severe systolic heart failure and heart failure after myocardial infarction. We evaluated the …

Background To assess potentially elevated cardiovascular risk related to new antihyperglycemic
drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes, regulatory agencies require a comprehensive …