The liver is the site of first pass metabolism, detoxifying and metabolizing blood arriving
from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery. It is made up of multiple cell types, including …

IL-8/MCP-1 act as neutrophil/monocyte chemoattractants, respectively. Oxidative stress
emerges as a key player in the pathophysiology of obesity. However, it remains unclear whether …

Obesity is associated with elevated levels of TNF-α and proinflammatory CD11c monocytes/macrophages.
TNF-α mediated dysregulation in the plasticity of monocytes/macrophages is …

Adipose tissue (AT) associated cytokines are involved in the development of chronic low-grade
inflammation in obese individuals. IL-2, a pleiotropic cytokine, contributes to immune …

Repetitive intermittent hyperglycemia (RIH) is an independent risk factor for complications
associated with type-2 diabetes (T2D). Glucose fluctuations commonly occur in T2D patients …

Background Efficient sleep duration and its quality are increasingly recognized as important
contributors for maintaining normal body weight. However, lifestyle and social structure …

In obesity, macrophage activation and infiltration in adipose tissue (AT) underlie chronic low-grade
inflammation-induced insulin resistance. Although dectin-1 is primarily a pathogen …

Background: The CXCL subfamily of chemokines (CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11; angiostatic
chemokines) plays a key role in many inflammatory diseases. However, the expression of …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been targeted for therapeutic drug development for several
disorders, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and diabetes mellitus. Daily levels …

Ceramide kinase (CERK) phosphorylates ceramide to produce ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P),
which is involved in the development of metabolic inflammation. TNF-α modulates …