RATIONALE To elucidate the extent to which the major cultural transformations of farming,
pastoralism, and shifts in the distribution of languages in Eurasia were accompanied by …

The deep population history of East Asia remains poorly understood owing to a lack of
ancient DNA data and sparse sampling of present-day people 1 , 2 . Here we report genome-wide …

Present-day people from England and Wales have more ancestry derived from early European
farmers (EEF) than did people of the Early Bronze Age 1. To understand this, here we …

The history of the British Isles and Ireland is characterized by multiple periods of major
cultural change, including the influential transformation after the end of Roman rule, which …

Humans settled the Caribbean about 6,000 years ago, and ceramic use and intensified
agriculture mark a shift from the Archaic to the Ceramic Age at around 2,500 years ago 1 , 2 – 3 . …

INTRODUCTION Cattle, sheep, and goats appeared in eastern Africa 5000 years ago,
catalyzing the spread of herding throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Archaeologists have long …

Ancient DNA sampling methods—although optimized for efficient DNA extraction—are
destructive, relying on drilling or cutting and powdering (parts of) bones and teeth. As the field of …

Trade and colonization caused an unprecedented increase in Mediterranean human
mobility in the first millennium BCE. Often seen as a dividing force, warfare is in fact another …

The urban peoples of the Swahili coast traded across eastern Africa and the Indian Ocean
and were among the first practitioners of Islam among sub-Saharan people 1 , 2 . The extent …

Few African Americans have been able to trace family lineages back to ancestors who died
before the 1870 United States Census, the first in which all Black people were listed by name…