The TGF-β family comprises many structurally related differentiation factors that act through
a heteromeric receptor complex at the cell surface and an intracellular signal transducing …

Smads are a class of proteins that function as intracellular signaling effectors for the TGF-β
superfamily of secreted polypeptides. TGF-β-related factors regulate cell proliferation and …

The last fifteen years have seen an explosive progress in our knowledge of how cell
proliferation and differentiation are regulated by extracellular factors. A few growth factors were …

Regulatory T (Treg) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells were recently proposed to be reciprocally
regulated during differentiation. To understand the underlying mechanisms, we utilized a …

TRANSFORMING growth factor-β TGF-β is the prototype for a family of extracellular proteins
that affect cell proliferation and tissue differentiation 1–3 . TGF-β-related factors, including …

Smad proteins transduce signals for transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-related factors 1 .
Smad proteins activated by receptors for TGF-β form complexes with Smad4. These …

We systematically generated large-scale data sets to improve genome annotation for the
nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, a key model organism. These data sets include …

To gain insight into how genomic information is translated into cellular and developmental
programs, the Drosophila model organism Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (modENCODE) …

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered to be strong candidates for large-scale energy
storage with the benefits of cost-effectiveness and sodium abundance. Reliable electrolytes, …

Smads regulate transcription of defined genes in response to TGF-β receptor activation,
although the mechanisms of Smad-mediated transcription are not well understood. We …