During cell division, newly replicated DNA is actively segregated to the daughter cells. In
most bacteria, this process involves the DNA-binding protein ParB, which condenses the …

Nucleotide-based second messengers serve in the response of living organisms to environmental
changes. In bacteria and plant chloroplasts, guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) and …

The number and location of flagella, bacterial organelles of locomotion, are species specific
and appear in regular patterns that represent one of the earliest taxonomic criteria in …

ParB-like CTPases mediate the segregation of bacterial chromosomes and low-copy number
plasmids. They act as DNA-sliding clamps that are loaded at parS motifs in the centromere …

Fungi are a large group of eukaryotes found in nearly all ecosystems. More than 250 fungal
genomes have already been sequenced, greatly improving our understanding of fungal …

Exponentially growing yeast cells produce every minute >160,000 ribosomal proteins.
Owing to their difficult physicochemical properties, the synthesis of assembly-competent …

Cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) has emerged as a key regulatory player in the transition
between planktonic and sedentary biofilm-associated bacterial lifestyles. It controls a multitude …

CRISPR-Cas systems are prokaryotic immune systems against invading nucleic acids. Type
I CRISPR-Cas systems employ highly diverse, multi-subunit surveillance Cascade …

Fungi-induced plant diseases affect global food security and plant ecology. The biotrophic
fungus Ustilago maydis causes smut disease in maize (Zea mays) plants by secreting …

The nutritional alarmones ppGpp and pppGpp (collectively: (p)ppGpp) are nucleotide-based
second messengers enabling bacteria to respond to environmental and stress conditions. …