The ionic gradients across cell membranes generate a transmembrane voltage that regulates
the function of numerous membrane proteins such as ion channels, transporters, pumps …

The sodium current (I Na ) that develops after step depolarization of a voltage clamped squid
axon is preceded by a transient outward current that is closely associated with the opening …

Gating current (Ig) has been studied in relation to inactivation of Na channels. No component
of Ig has the time course of inactivation; apparently little or no charge movement is …

In voltage-dependent Na, K, or Ca channels, the probability of opening is modified by the
membrane potential. This is achieved through a voltage sensor that detects the voltage and …

Inactivation of sodium conductance has been studied in squid axons with voltage clamp
techniques and with the enzyme pronase which selectively destroys inactivation. Comparison of …

“…IT seems difficult to escape the conclusion that the changes in ionic permeability depend
on the movement of some component of the membrane which behaves as though it had a …

The activation of Shaker K + channels is steeply voltage dependent. To determine whether
conserved charged amino acids in putative transmembrane segments S2, S3, and S4 …

Optical stimulation has enabled important advances in the study of brain function and other
biological processes, and holds promise for medical applications ranging from hearing …

We have studied the effects of the proteolytic enzyme Pronase on the membrane currents of
voltage-clamped squid axons. Internal perfusion of the axons with Pronase rather selectively …

Internal Cs + , Na + , Li + , and, to a lesser degree, Rb + interfere with outward current through
the K pores in voltage clamped squid axons. Addition of 100 mM NaF to the perfusion …